Oliver Sykes da Christian Aid fez uma apresentação em Luanda na sexta-feira de manhã sobre os temas dos direitos da terra e mudanças climáticas. O programa da Christian Aid em Angola evolui a parceria com ONGs e igrejas locais. Análise da Christian Aid é que, enquanto a extrema pobreza ea vulnerabilidade continuar em Angola há muito a ser adquirida a partir de uma abordagem que trabalha com parceiros locais para desafiar as estruturas e as relações que mantêm as pessoas marginalizadas e vulneráveis. A estratégia inclui um compromisso explícito para trabalhar na área da resiliência e sustentabilidade, como um elemento de acesso aos recursos, através de um programa focado na adaptação às alterações climáticas. Existe uma relação entre os direitos à terra das comunidades rurais pobres, a acumulação de terras e “investimentos” de desenvolvimento e mudanças climáticas. Clarificação da relação entre os direitos da terra, mudança climática e meios de subsistência é parte do objetivo deste estudo.

Direitos e posse da terra em Angola são mal definidas e aplicadas, sujeito ao abuso e à corrupção e pode ser um contributo significativo para o enfraquecimento dos meios de subsistência rurais. Apesar de uma baixa densidade populacional e amplas áreas de sub-explorado terras aptas para a agricultura, os pequenos produtores rurais e pecuaristas muitas vezes não têm acesso à terra que eles precisam para cultivar ou busca de pasto para o gado. Em combinação com outras pressões sobre os meios de subsistência rurais, a insegurança da posse da terra acrescenta um elemento adicional significativo de incerteza e risco. Esta é uma questão particularmente para as mulheres rurais. Na África Sub- Sahariana em geral, as mulheres têm menos controle da terra do que qualquer outro lugar do mundo. Leis de herança discriminatórias e costumes estão na raiz deste e Angola não é excepção para o quadro mais amplo da África.

ENGLISH:
Oliver Sykes of Christian Aid made a presentation on Friday morning on the themes of Land Rights and Climate Change. Christian Aid’s programme in Angola evolves the partnership with existing local NGOs and churches. Christian Aid’s analysis is that while extreme poverty and vulnerability continue in Angola there is much to be gained from an approach that works with local partners to challenge the structures and relationships that keep people marginalised and vulnerable.  The strategy includes an explicit undertaking to work in the area of resilience and sustainability, as an element of access to resources, through a programme focused on climate change adaptation. There is a relationship between the land rights of poor rural communities, land grabbing and “development investments”, and Climate Change. Clarification of the relationship between land rights, climate change and livelihoods is part of the purpose of this study.

Land rights and tenure in Angola are poorly defined and enforced, subject to abuse and corruption and can be a significant contributor to the undermining of rural livelihoods. Despite a low population density and large areas of under-exploited land suitable for agriculture, rural smallholders and pastoralists often do not have access to the land they need to grow crops or seek pasture for cattle. In combination with other pressures on rural livelihoods, insecurity of land tenure adds a significant additional element of uncertainty and risk. This is an issue particularly for rural women. In wider Sub-Saharan Africa, women have less control of land than anywhere else in the world. Discriminatory inheritance laws and customs are at the root of this and Angola is no exception to the wider picture in Africa.

Oliver Sykes – Terras

Oliver Sykes – Mudanças Climáticas

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Vulnerabilidade Rural, Alterações Climáticas e Adaptação em Angola, Oliver Sykes (tradução de Diana Tarré), Junho de 2013

Rural vulnerability, climate change and adaptation in Angola, Oliver Sykes, June 2013

Over the next 24 months DW proposes to expand and build upon its strong record of both sector-specific and broad baseline research to begin to develop a comprehensive and cross-sector integrated study of the Angolan informal economy. Knowledge about the Angolan informal economy remains fragmented and partial at best. While recent studies conducted (or collaborated in) by DW have provided some basic baseline information about the informal market’s structural profile (i.e. categorization by sector of activities, relative rates of participation by sector), as well as more in-depth knowledge about specific sectors (such as the dynamics of informal peri-urban land markets), there is a vital need for a more comprehensive documentation and analysis of the Angolan informal economy as an integrated whole, of how it is being transformed by the new challenges and opportunities emerging since the war, and of how these changes are affecting the livelihoods of the millions of Angolans whose livelihoods depend upon it.

Cross-sector Study on Production and Marketing Proposal

Housing Study Narrative: Peri-urban private renting housing market in Luanda

The Informal Peri-Urban Water Sector Narrative

The informal trading economy began to develop in Luanda in the late 1970s or early 1980s. The second wave of returnees from the Congo/Zaire in the early 1980s appears to have played an important role in developing informal economic activities, along with former soldiers of the MPLA who had been based in countries to the north before 1975. The breakdown of the colonial economy and the failure to effectively create a planned economy in the post-independence period mean that the population of Luanda had to create its own esquemas (strategies) to survive. Part of this informal economy was hidden (an informalisation of the formal economy as nominally formal enterprises deviated further from the rules in order to continue in operation) but it began to manifest itself on the streets of Luanda and other towns. Eventually the Government permitted the concentration of informal trading in the market of Roque Santeiro in an attempt to remove informal trading from the streets. However the informal trading economy continued to grow throughout the 1980s and 1990s, creating new market places while continuing to involve trading on the streets.

The main objective of this research has been to understand how the informal trading economy has evolved in the new context of Angola post-2002. It has attempted to understand whether the more favourable context for economic activity in Angola (free movement of people and goods, stable and realistic exchange rate, economic growth on the back of petroleum production, attempts to create a favourable business environment) have had any effect on the informal economy, and in particular on small-scale informal retail trade which makes up the bulk of the informal economy in Luanda. Has this aspect of the informal economy shrunk or grown or remained as important as before? Have any of the characteristics changed, in terms of who is involved in the sector, the locations of the informal and the type of products bought and sold. Three particular locations of the informal retail economy have been examined: trading in markets, trading in the street and trading at home.

This report is of a study of the informal water sector in Luanda in the post-war context. The research was an applied research project with a view to advocacy for improved Government water policy and practice so as to bring it more into line with the needs of poor consumers who fall outside the formal distribution network. The results of the research will inform programme planning and impact assessments for basic services and public health projects of the World Bank, European Union and the Luanda Urban Poverty Programme (LUPP).

The research aimed to understand the post-war evolution of the informal water economy (and how it has evolved since Development Workshop research in the 1990s), understand how it is likely to evolve and contribute to the improvement of the supply of water to communities in informal settlements, understand better how institutional capacity can best be developed (especially at the interface between communities and the service providers) and provide lessons and about the sector to promote pro-poor poverty reduction strategies through better services.

The study shows that overall the quantity of water supplied to Luanda by the formal system has increased since the 1990s. In 1995 EPAL supplied each day to the city of Luanda from the Kifangondo pumping station 40,000 cubic metres. The theoretical capacity of the Luanda water system is now 462,000 cubic metres per day and the average real production 274,000 cubic metres per day. Losses in the system are however estimated to be 82,000 cubic metres per day so the amount available is on average 192,000 cubic metres per day. Despite this significant increase, the mostly frequently mentioned source of water in Luanda is a neighbour’s water tank and the next most frequently mentioned is directly from a water lorry.

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This report is a description of the research carried out by Development Workshop, funded by IDRC, between September 2007 and June 2009. The report accompanies the reports of the three components of the research. Originally the programme was approved to start in September 2007 to March 2009, but Development Workshop Angola was granted a three-month no-cost extension to the research project, so that the programme ended in June 2009.

During this 27 month period, DW has carried out its proposal to expand and build upon its experience of both sector-specific and broad baseline research to develop a comprehensive and cross-sector integrated study of the Angolan informal economy. Specifically this research programme has aimed to:

• significantly increase quantitative and qualitative understandings of important sectors of the informal economy. The programme has pursued studies of two sub-sectors (water and housing) that are of vital importance to the rapidly growing, and largely unregulated peri-urban areas where over 50% of all Angolans currently live;
• conduct a literature review of all previous research and policy documents on the informal economy in Angola and a selective review of international research relevant to the three themes developed in the current programme. The review of Angolan literature was conducted by Development Workshop’s documentation centre CEDOC during the first quarterly phase of the programme. The background documentation on Angola is not extensive and DW has been involved with producing much of it. The international literature review with a focus on recent informal sector research in Africa and post-conflict situations, was conducted by an intern under the supervision of the research programme coordinator and largely drew on internet sources and the libraries of institutions of research advisors;  
• carry out a cross-sector study that documented the strategic relationships, interactions, and inter-dependencies among different sub-sectors of the informal economy;
• foster knowledge-based approaches to public policy making through data organization, analysis, and dissemination activities that enhance knowledge access and utilization capacity of a broad range of public and policy-maker stakeholders; and by generating new knowledge about the mechanisms of governance that prevail in the vast peri-urban informal sector where both formal state and customary institutions are either absent or have lost legitimacy and relevance. The programme has tracked the impact and awareness of policy issues related to the informal economy by monitoring debate in the official and independent media.

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Field researchers being trained for informal rental market study: