BICC (Bonn International Centre for Conversion) FOCUS 12: The Republic of Angola’s rough diamond mine1 production for 2011 is valued at US $1.16 billion. The latest facts and figures available rank Angola in the group of the five most important diamond producers worldwide, headed by Botswana. Angola was a founding member of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS), launched in 2003 as an initiative of governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the diamond industry, endorsed by the United Nations (UN). Its main aim is to certify diamonds as “conflict-free” by the respective governments to thereby stop the circulation of ‘conflict diamonds’. Angola was strongly involved in the establishment of the certification scheme, largely due to its own experience with ‘conflict diamonds’. In 2002, Angola concluded a decade-long civil war opposing the government against Jonas Savimbi and UNITA, a rebel force that received revenues from diamond mining. This experience directly informed the government’s political strategy at that time. The KP is currently under review. Its 10th anniversary takes place under the Presidency of the Republic of South Africa. It coincides with a formal review process, agreed to in November 2011, during which the core objectives, definitions and functioning of the KPCS during 2012/13 will be examined.

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This document was prepared for the Model Mining Legislation Project (MMLP). The main objective from the MMLP provides contextual insight to this legislation and policy review. The final output for year one will be 5 individual case study reports, a synthesis report of the case studies integrated with a regional legislative and policy review report. The research process, reflection practice and benchmarking is dealt with in part 2 of this document whilst Part 1 is a legal and policy review questionnaire. The aim of this Legal and Policy review is to firstly determine common areas and issues incorporated in legislation and policy that play a significant role in the impact of mining on indigenous and local communities in the region. With the common set of criteria it will then be possible to conduct a national comparative analysis along with analysis of the interaction between international and national legal and institutional frameworks through which to surface lessons that may be of use in advocacy efforts at national and regional level.

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Murielle Mignot e a Mary-Teresa McBride realizou-se um debate com o tema “Legislação Mineira e as Comunidades”. Esta apresentação revê como fundo a Pesquisa sobre Legislação Mineira, que esta a ser levada acaba pela Development Workshop e a organização International Alliance on Natural Resources in África (IANDRA). A Pesquisa terá várias Organizações de 5 destes países estão a participar neste projecto sobre legislação e políticas mineiras e o seu impacto sobre as comunidades: África do Sul, Kenya, RDC, Zimbabwe e Angola.

  

VIDEO: Murielle Mignot falou sobre Codico Mineira

VIDEO: Mary-Teresa McBride falou sobre Lei de Terra

O estudo tem 5 fases primeira fase é principalmente com base no estudo legislativo e contextual em relação ao sector mineiro em Angola, mas passo a citar as 5 fases:
1. Síntese política e económica e quadro de análise
2. Exploração e extracção dos recursos naturais (legislação mineira)
3. Terra, lei e políticas
4. Casos legais (julgamentos, jurisprudência)
5. Mecanismos constitucionais, de direito internacional e não judiciários

Outros dados, debate foram apresentados alguns dados referentes ao Código Mineiro, que passo a referir:
As empresas de mineração devem contribuir para um Fundo Ambiental, cuja criação, organização, valor de contribuição e uso entre outros, deve ser definido pelo PR – art.º 267.

* Em relação ao Estado, para além da participação no lucro já mencionada, as empresas devem pagar vários tipos de impostos – art.º 238 a 249:
    – de rendimento (imposto industrial), 25% dos lucros, incl. 5% para autarquia local, ou
    – Sobre o valor dos recursos minerais (royalties), 2 a 5% do valor, e
    – De superfície, $2 a $40 por ano por km2, consoante o recurso e ano de pagamento.

* Devem também constituir uma provisão (definida no estudo de impacto ambiental) para custear a recuperação ou restauração do ambiente – art.º 250.
Expropriação de Terra e Reparações ou Compensação
Os artigos relevantes de Regulamentos de Terra (2007) são:
Reservas Parciais (art. 27)
Expropriação de reservas (art. 28)
Cálculo do valor da terra (art 30)

As questões lancados a ser: 
1. O foco de um estudo de caso sobre a mineração e as comunidades em Angola, o que seria e por quê?
2. Quais oportunidades de advocacia ou processos políticos relevantes existem neste momento?

Author: Beat Weber. This survey was carried out by Development Workshop for the USAID Angola’s Land Tenure Strengthening Project which is managed by ARD with implementation assistance from its partners, Development Workshop (DW) and the Rural Development Institute (RDI). The project continues USAID-Angola’s support to land reform and land rights strengthening begun in 2004 as part of its assistance to the Government of Angola.

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