A burgeoning literature is looking into the processes and actors involved in the
adoption and emulation of best practices and models of urban policy and development in aspiring world-class cities across the globe. It shows how over the past decades cities have become increasingly entrepreneurial, outward-looking and plugged into transnational networks of urban policymaking. This has resulted in the fast-paced circulation of policies, often with the aim of attracting investment and making cities more competitive (McCann and Ward, 2011; Peck and Theodore, 2015